Metaphors We Live By - Lakoff & Johnson
Area 1: Lakoff & Johnson note that "Human thought processes are largely metaphorical" (pg 6). The metaphors we choose, like 'ARGUMENT IS WAR' restricts our perspective, and prevent us from noticing some aspects or concepts that do not fit that metaphor. Context matters; it can't necessarily be determined from the words alone, and without context it might make no sense at all. Metaphors often have orientation in physical space, e.g. up-down, front-back, etc., but the meaning of the directionality may differ from culture to culture. Fundamental values in a culture are reflected in coherent spatial metaphors. Area 2: Lakoff & Johnson's example of 'ARGUMENT IS WAR' also implies accompanying emotions or other descriptors. For example: I associate 'conflict,' 'adversity,' and 'confrontation' with the metaphor, which impacts my emotional state, potentially making me anxious, grumpy, or simply angry. Separating argument from d...